Tree Biodiversity in Boyacá, A Comprehensive Assessment of Species Richness, Evenness, and Ecosystem Services

Abstract

The present study addressed the analysis of tree agrobiodiversity of 36 productive systems in the municipalities of Belén, Busbanzá and Cómbita, located in the department of Boyacá, Colombia. The research was developed through a detailed census of tree individuals in areas of one hectare, using biodiversity indices such as Shannon-Wiener, Simpson and Margalef to evaluate the structure and composition of plant communities. In addition, comparative statistical analysis was implemented using the Tukey test with a significance of 5% to identify significant differences between the municipalities. The results revealed notable variability in biodiversity indices, with Shannon values ranging between 1.60 and 2.05, indicating heterogeneous ecosystem complexity. On the other hand, Simpson's index, fluctuating between 0.14 and 0.26, suggests a relatively balanced distribution of species. In relation to the floristic composition, families such as Myrtaceae, Fabaceae and Betulaceae stood out, with predominant species such as Alnus acuminata (Alder) and Eucalyptus globulus. Multiple uses of the species were identified, finding that between 41% and 43% have medicinal properties, while 35-47% have timber and ornamental applications. The study's conclusions highlight the importance of developing integrative conservation strategies that recognize the resilience of high Andean ecosystems. The need to combine traditional knowledge with modern sustainable management practices is emphasized, considering the influence of factors such as altitude and agricultural practices on local biodiversity.