Modern Approaches to Diagnosis and Treatment of Atherosclerosis: From Pathogenesis to Clinical Solutions

Abstract

Atherosclerosis remains a leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide, characterized by the progressive accumulation of lipids and inflammatory cells within the arterial walls. Recent advancements in molecular biology, nanotechnology, and RNA-based therapeutics have provided new insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms of atherosclerosis and novel strategies for diagnosis and treatment. This review explores modern diagnostic modalities, including advanced imaging techniques, circulating biomarkers, and genomic profiling, which offer improved early detection and risk assessment. Additionally, emerging therapeutic strategies, such as PCSK9 inhibitors, anti-inflammatory agents, RNA-based therapies, nanomedicine, and CRISPR gene editing, hold promise for more targeted and effective treatment. Furthermore, the role of lifestyle interventions, including diet, physical activity, and gut microbiota modulation, is discussed in the context of atherosclerosis prevention. While these innovations present significant opportunities, challenges remain in translating experimental findings into clinical practice, necessitating further research and interdisciplinary collaboration. Future developments in precision medicine and artificial intelligence may further enhance the management of atherosclerosis, offering patient-specific preventive and therapeutic strategies.